Second, differentiation of myeloid cells into dendritic cells in vivo occurs in the context of infection and inflammation (44), and all of the physiologically relevant differentiation factors that have been used to induce reactivation of CMV in primary hematopoietic cells, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (45), TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are mediators of inflammation. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is infection.