Compared with the control group of non-CKD patients with pure cardiogenic pulmonary edema, uremic pleural effusions obtained from dyspneic patients with CKD exerted higher expression of various cytokines, including IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), thrombopoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and growth-related oncogene-α (GRO-α) (Supplementary Figure S2B). Here, THPO is linked to chronic kidney disease.