TNF and ulcerative colitis: As pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to play an important role in the development of ulcerative colitis in both human and murine models [4,42,43,44,45,46], our next step was to determine Th1 (IFN-γ and TNF-α), Th17 (IL-6 and IL-17), and Treg (IL-10) cytokine levels in the supernatant of the colon tissue culture from animals used in this study.