TNF and mastitis: Similar to our data, the treatment with the indole alkaloid oxymatrine significantly ameliorated the histopathologic changes in the murine model of mastitis, with a decrease in neutrophilic tissue infiltration, and in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the mammary gland tissues, which was possibly linked with the inhibition of the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathways [41].