As observed in the ISO mice, there were significantly lower plasma GPNMB levels in patients with HF compared with non-HF controls (GPNMB 1.20 ± 0.26 ng/mL in control vs. 0.74 ± 0.40 ng/mL in heart failure, p-value < 0.0001) (Figure 2G). This evidence concerns the gene GPNMB and hydrops fetalis.