RING1 and Parkinson disease: We examined four of the most prevalent Parkin point mutations, collectively identified in ~ 100 families worldwide (Parkinson Disease Mutation Database) and located across three domains of Parkin (T240M and R275W in the RING1 domain; R334C in the IBR domain; G430D in the RING2 domain) [3, 35–37](Additional file 1: Figure S1a).