HAMP and infection: Following the first studies showing a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent induction of hepcidin by LPS, in vivo mouse studies showed increased levels of hepcidin during infections with Salmonella [35,36], Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group A Streptococcus [37], Vibrio vulnificus [38], and Candida albicans or Influenza A virus [39].