Alternatively, Ho and colleagues [181] demonstrated, that ovarian cancer stromal progenitor cells isolated from tumor tissues and ascitic effusions of EOC patients displayed 40 hypermethylated tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) (with DLC1, RASS382, CDH13, BRCA1, TIMP3, HIN-1, ESR1, CDKN2A, CCND2, CDKN2B, as most frequently hypermethylated and correlating with validated mRNA expression decrease in DLC1, RASSF1A, CCND2, and CDKN2B) in comparison with matching patient ovarian cancer cells and were capable of promoting tumor growth in vivo when co-injected with SKOV3 cells. Here, ESR1 is linked to ovarian carcinoma.