Self-nucleic acids in lupus can be presented in the form of autoantibody immune complexes, membrane-coated microparticles [56, 57], neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) or oxidized mitochondrial DNA [58, 59], and can induce TLR7/9-dependent B cell activation and IFN-I production by pDCs and follicular DCs [2, 3, 60]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR7 and systemic lupus erythematosus.