IFNG and Chagas disease: A predominance of pro-inflammatory cytokines-producing cells in cardiac patients was also reported (172), although cytokine profile comparative studies between asymptomatic and cardiac Chagas disease patients showed discordant results: some authors state that IFN-γ secretion has a protective effect regarding the development of the symptoms (121, 130, 173), while others put forwards a harmful effect for this pro-inflammatory cytokine on cardiac function (173–175).