Nitrogen oxidant species have been demonstrated to be central to the control of infection in various murine models, mainly signaled through the IL-12/IFN-γ signaling axis (50, 51), but also involving TNF-α (51–53), IL-17A (40), and IL-18, the latter seemingly inducing IFN-γ secretion to compensate for the lack of IL-12 in a knock-out model (37). Here, TNF is linked to infection.