Specifically, gene addition approaches for RDEB currently involve self-inactivating (SIN) lentivirus- or retrovirus-mediated transfer of COL7A1 cDNA into keratinocytes and/or fibroblasts and transplantation of corrected epithelia or SEs with restored type VII collagen protein expression, leading to AF formation and recovering of dermal-epidermal adherence.24, 27, 32 A phase 1 ex vivo gene therapy clinical trial for RDEB using transplantation of autologous epithelial sheets genetically modified with a classical retroviral vector expressing COL7A1 cDNA was conducted at Stanford.27 Here, COL7A1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.