JNK knock-out macrophages also display higher levels of the chemokines CCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10 after stimulation with IFNγ and potentially this is related to modulation of the mRNA expression levels [45], suggesting that similar to MEK/ERK also JNK may regulate chemokine expression in the head and neck cancer cells by controlling mRNA stability. Here, CCL5 is linked to head and neck cancer.