Importantly, a prospective study on the role of tumor-specific T-cell responses in HNSCC showed that the viral antigens in HPV16+ HNSCC triggered an intratumoral IFNγ- and TNFα-producing HPV-specific T cell response which shaped a favorable type 1 immune contexture and was strongly associated with a good clinical response to standard (chemo)radiotherapy [9]. Here, TNF is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.