Of the studies that did report pharmacologic management of GI AEs, most of the patients treated with ipilimumab plus nivolumab required immunomodulatory agents (IMAs; e.g., corticosteroids or the anti-TNF-α, infliximab) for the treatment of lower GI AEs (e.g., colitis and diarrhea), most of which resolved in just over a month. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colitis.