VCAM1 and cancer: In addition, Teucrium ethereal oil was also tested to see whether it was able to express proteins involved in the angiogenic phenotypes of cancer cells on tumor invasion and the metastasis of human colon cancer cells in vitro by reducing CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) levels and restoring vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as compared with control cells.