To further investigate intrinsic differences between AR-expressing and non-expressing PCa cells, we have established genetically matched AR+ and AR-KO LNCaP cell clones that allow us to perform side-by-side comparisons of their in vivo tumorigenic capabilities and relative competitive advantages in both androgen-intact and androgen-ablated (castration/Enza) hosts, as well as well-controlled cell biology experiments including single cell tracing studies. Here, AR is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.