ESR1 and breast carcinoma: Indeed, it has been found that low concentrations (< 1 mmol/L) of genistein, equol, and coumestrol induce the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells adapted to an enriched E2-enviroment, while inducing cell apoptosis in long-term E2-deprived MCF-7 through an ERα-dependent mechanism [160].