IFNB1 and HIV-1 infection: Given that type I IFN is thought to have detrimental effects during HIV-1 infection and that each IFNα subtype displays different anti-HIV-1 activity [8], the expression of all IFNα subtypes, IFNβ, and IFNγ was evaluated both in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of antiretroviral therapy- (ART-) treated HIV-1 patients.