NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: Whereas, transgenic mice overexpressing TRAF3 showed an increase in cardiac hypertrophy after 4 weeks as indicated by significant increase in cardiomyocyte size and fibrosis as well as higher HW/BW, HW/TL, and LW/BW ratios and increased mRNA level of cardiac fetal genes (ANP, BNP, and β-MHC).