Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus and treatment with ROS scavengers including apocynin (APO) and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) identified the upregulation of ROS and NADPH oxidase expression to be largely responsible for the progressive induction of TRAF6 expression during the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy both in experimental mice (TRAF6-Tg or TRAF6-CKO) and in isolated NRCMs (Ji et al., 2016; Figure 1). Here, TRAF6 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.