TNF and Alzheimer disease: A recent study demonstrated that pro-inflammatory proteins of importance in AD include interleukin 1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor, and complement C1q, secreted by activated microglia, which induce a reactive form of neurotoxic astrocyte that cannot support neuronal survival, outgrowth, synaptogenesis and phagocytosis, leading to the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes (Liddelow et al., 2017).