The high frequency of mtDNA ETC mutations in AML is similar to or greater than that of NRAS (8%), WT1 (6%), CEBPA (7%) and TP53 (8%) mutations—a few of the top 12 genes that are regularly mutated in AML, thus implicating these mutations in AML pathogenesis. This evidence concerns the gene CEBPA and acute myeloid leukemia.