VRK2 and Epileptic encephalopathy: Other deleterious variants found in patients with unclassified refractory epilepsy were in VRK2, ATP1A2, and SLC9A6. Taking these unclassified epileptic encephalopathies and unclassified refractory epilepsy patients’ clinical manifestations into consideration, we found that all patients with deleterious mutations in genes encoding ion channels (SCN8A, CACNA1A, GABRB3, GABRA1) had similar clinical symptoms: onset age of seizures within the first year, epileptic encephalopathy and developmental delay.