LEPR and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In fact, models with adult-onset obesity mice have shown that obesity induces an increase in ObR levels in astrocytes and ObRb mRNA in the cerebral microvasculature [41], and that astrocytes play regulatory roles on the dynamics of leptin in the hypothalamus, since its inhibition improves the signaling and uptake of leptin by neurons [42].