In patients with advanced heart failure, myocardial expression of TNF-α was abundantly increased (Torre-Amione et al., 1996), probably contributing to maladaptive mechanisms implicated in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction (Frieler and Mortensen, 2015; Mann, 2015; Prabhu and Frangogiannis, 2016). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.