Lower PlGF in the early second trimester increased the odds of preeclampsia only in women without GDM (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.32–2.78, per log2); no association was evident in women with GDM (OR 1.05; 95% CI 0.67–1.63, per log2) (Fig. 2). Here, PGF is linked to preeclampsia.