However, these researchers noted that Gram-negative bacterial infections may initiate cell-mediated immune responses which increase cytokines (Interleukin-1 beta, Interleuken-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and prostaglandins which may lead to preterm births and low birthweight babies; therefore there is a need for additional studies with control groups [19]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and gram-negative bacterial infections.