AKT1 and cardiac hypertrophy: The signaling pathways involved in cardiac hypertrophy are complicated and sophisticated, including canonical pathways, such as the MAPK signaling cascade (Wu et al., 2017a), calcineurin-dependent signaling pathway (Molkentin et al., 1998), JAK/STAT signaling pathway (Kodama et al., 1997) and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (Liu et al., 2007), and non-canonical pathways, such as the Wnt signaling pathway (Takano et al., 2002; Dolinsky et al., 2015).