CD4 and HIV infectious disease: The South African 2015 ART guidelines4 prescribe a six-month CD4 testing schedule for individuals diagnosed with HIV infection but not eligible for ART.4 Despite adjustment of these guidelines in 2016 to incorporate a universal ‘test and treat’ strategy, where all HIV-positive persons are eligible for treatment irrespective of their CD4 counts, the CD4 guideline5 testing and treatment requirements have been retained.