CD4 and neoplasm: Compared to untreated control, both Salmonella and TB infection of colon cells achieved a ~2–3 fold increase in the helper (CD3+, CD4+) cells and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expressing CD4+/CD8+ cells/g tumor with and without HIFU, suggesting the possible role of this pathway in macrophage polarization dynamics (Fig. 5).