TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGF-β is also able to repress antitumor immune response by (i) suppressing T-cell differentiation into effector T cell, (ii) enhancing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inducing FOXP3, (iii) suppressing the generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and B-cell and NK-cell proliferation and function, and (iv) promoting differentiation of type II macrophages (M2), which has anti-inflammatory and tissue remodeler response [277].