CSF1 and neoplasm: Another approach utilized against TGF-β-overexpressing tumors relates to the autologous tumor cell vaccine called FANGTM/VigilTM (Gradalis), which incorporates a plasmid encoding granulocyte M-CSF (GM-CSF) (enhancing dendritic cell (DC) maturation and consequent tumor antigen presentation to T cells) and a novel bifunctional shRNA interference (bi-shRNAi) directed against pro-protein convertase furin, thus down-regulating TGF-β1 and β2 and reverting immunosuppressive response [282].