Only when WLL and GM-CSF therapies were invalid, would other therapies such as rituximab [38], plasmapheresis [39–41], gene therapy [42, 43], pulmonary macrophage transplantation therapy [44–46], and lung transplantation [47] be considered as alternative or adjuvant treatments in some aPAP cases. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.