The subcutaneous subgroup showed a response rate of 71% (95% CI: 46–96%, p < 0.001), while the inhaled subgroup was 89% (95% CI: 71–106%, p < 0.001) (Fig. 3a), suggesting both inhaled and subcutaneous GM-CSF therapies were effective for aPAP patients. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.