Some non-specific binding or interaction with other immunological or infection factors, such as rheumatoid factors, hepatitis C, schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, dengue, leishmaniasis, Chagas’ disease and human African trypanosomiasis can lead to a malaria false positive reaction on a HRP2-based RDT, though considered to be rare [6, 28–36]. Here, HDGFL2 is linked to infection.