VHL and renal cell carcinoma: Furthermore, as shown in Figure 2C, there was significant autophagic vesicle formation in both cells exposed to MC‐4, with marked conversion of LC3‐I to LC3‐II and increase in ATG5 and beclin‐1 levels, suggesting that MC‐4 induced autophagic cell death associated with apoptosis in human RCC cells regardless of VHL gene mutation status.