CXCR4 and neoplasm: Moreover, since CXCR4-dependent signaling has been identified as a key regulator of cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis for a wide variety of other malignancies, including breast (75–77), ovarian (78), and prostate cancers (79–82), it will be of great interest to determine if the C3BM complex plays a key role in mediating SDF-1α dependent tumor progression or metastasis for these other tumor subtypes.