The resistance of non-transformed cells to the combination of TLR3 agonist with paclitaxel (and possibly other chemotherapies that downregulate c-FLIP in cancer cells, including irinotecan, gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin42,50,51), and the absence of toxicity in mice suggests that this strategy could be safe in patients as well. Here, TLR3 is linked to cancer.