ACE and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: These subgroups included the patients without congestive heart failure (CHF) (aHR = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06–1.42) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aHR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01–1.36), those with CKD (aHR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05–1.80) and diabetes mellitus (aHR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05–1.79), as well as those receiving angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) (aHR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.04–1.54) and beta-blocker (aHR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.24–1.80).