TARDBP and infection: Infection with TDP-43 at 0.25×, 0.5× and 1× resulted in a dose-sensitive loss of neurons (76±2.2, 63±2.4 and 38±2.4 (SEM) neuronal cell bodies respectively) (Fig. 5b-c), indicating that virally expressed TDP-43 results in neuronal cell loss in rat spinal cord cultures.