In particular, AFA have been reported to upregulate ICAM-1, IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, CCL2, CXCL8 and MMP-1, with partial exploitation of TLR4, whereas collagen and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 were not affected [51, 52]. Here, TLR4 is linked to ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum-cleft palate syndrome.