IGF2 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In addition, HBx has been shown to activate c-Src (a non-receptor tyrosine kinase) to induce the expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), and reduce E-cadherin expression via the small ubiquitin like small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) pathway to induce EMT in the SMMC-7721 hepatoma cell line [113, 114].