TNF and neoplasm: Moreover, binding of TNFα to the receptor TNFR (mainly TNFR1) on the cell membrane surface induces phosphorylation of intracellular PKD2, which then forms a complex with PI3K to stabilize the high expression of β-catenin via the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway and participate in EMT to promote tumor invasion and metastasis.