IL1B and Parkinson disease: Activated microglia and astrocytes, together with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators and cytotoxic factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, and IL-6; inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), have all been observed in the brain of PD patients [3–6], as well as in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) [7–10], 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) [11, 12] and rotenone animal models of PD [13].