IL1B and Dowling-Degos disease 1: Since there is strong experimental evidence of IL-1β involvement in the pathogenesis of DDD (Wuertz and Haglund, 2013; Risbud and Shapiro, 2014), our aim here is to propose experimental approaches to assess the ability and mechanism by which P. acnes promotes IL-1β synthesis and function, and not to prove its effects on DDD pathogenesis per se.