BRAF and melanoma: BRAF inhibitors have been developed that exploit this mutation and competitively bind to the active conformation of the kinase (Zhang et al., 2009; Ribas and Flaherty, 2011) Vemurafenib and dabrafenib are two such selective small molecule inhibitors of oncogenic BRAF and are associated with high response rates and improved progression-free survival and overall survival compared with chemotherapy in patients with BRAFV600 mutated melanoma (Chapman et al., 2017).