More recently, a detailed analysis of GPBAR1 activity in mouse macrophages has demonstrated that GPBAR1 activation, by the steroidal ligand BAR501 (26) (Table 1) attenuates inflammation and immune dysfunction in murine models of colitis by shifting the polarization of colonic macrophages from a M1 (CD11b+ Ly6C− CCR7+ CD38+ IL-6+) phenotype, to a M2 anti-inflammatory (CD11b+ Ly6C− CCR7− Egr2+ IL-10+) phenotype. The gene discussed is ITGAM; the disease is colitis.