TNF and bacterial urinary tract infection: Cell viability remained relatively unchanged when PMVECs were exposed to UTI at 5000–10000 U/ml within 36 h (Figure 2A), to LPS at the concentration of 100–1000 ng/ml for 36 h (Figure 2B), and to TNF-α in the range of 1–1000 ng/mL for 24 h (Figure 2C), respectively.