While infection of MDMs containing shRNA against MAVS or STING did not affect subsequent HIV-1 infection (Fig. 5b, c and Supplementary Fig. 5b, c), intriguingly, induction of CD169 expression on MDMs was not observed in the absence of MAVS (Fig. 5d and Supplementary Fig. 5b). This evidence concerns the gene MAVS and HIV-1 infection.