RAGE is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that recognizes a variety of ligands, including the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that are well known for their role in diabetes and atherosclerosis; Aβ, found in the senile plaques of AD brains; inflammatory mediators, such as members of the S100/calgranulin family, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1); and the adhesion molecule Mac-1 [83, 84]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and diabetes mellitus.