CA9 and breast cancer: In 2012, Goodison and colleagues proposed the use of a diagnostic 8-protein biomarker panel (angiogenin (ANG), APOE, CA9, IL8, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), MMP10, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)) to distinguish BC patients and healthy controls in a study encompassing 127 urine biopsies, achieving 92% sensitivity and 97% specificity (AUC = 0.980) [187].