The AhR has been implicated in the occurrence of the neovascular subtype of age-related-macular degeneration (AMD) with dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE, a cell subtype which also expressed the AhR in humans [173]) leading to local inflammation, increased secretion of collagen IV, and coherently, increased levels of the pro-fibrogenic TGF-ß1 [174]. This evidence concerns the gene AHR and age-related macular degeneration.