More recently, Mns1-/- mice have been reported that exhibit: i) randomization of left/right asymmetry and laterality defects, ii) male infertility with sperm immotility and sperm flagellar defects, and iii) partial defects of outer dynein arms (ODAs: motor proteins providing the mechanical force for ciliary movement) in tracheal cilia [17]. This evidence concerns the gene MNS1 and male infertility.