In support of its wider role as a transcriptional repressor of oncogenic signalling, ELF3 has been shown to have transcriptional repressor effects in prostate cancer, where it interacts with the androgen receptor, and thereby prevents the recruitment of the androgen receptor to target gene promoters.31 In addition, in breast cancer cells, ELF3 has a repressive effect on oestrogen receptor (ERα) transcriptional activity and this results in decreased signalling through this pathway and decreased proliferation.32 The gene discussed is ESR1; the disease is breast carcinoma.