TGFB1 and neoplasm: Serving as a cell-free vaccine, DEXAFP improve the immune-suppressive tumor milieu via activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and elevated IFN-γ and IL-2 levels, but fewer CD25+/Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and decreased IL-10 and TGF-β levels [71].