VCAM1 and Miyoshi myopathy: For example, the binding of surface VLA-4 (α4β1 integrin) on MM cells to VCAM-1 on BMSCs induces production of cytokines, which favor bone absorption including: RANKL, M-CSF, IL-1, and IL-6 by BMSCs; and OC-activating factors including macrophage inflammatory protein-1α/β (MIP-1α/β), IL-3, stromal-derived factor-1α, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by MM cells(63–70).